NASA’s New Views of Venus’ Surface From Space

Early Venus Landscape animation Continuing Evolution of Venus's Landscape Landscpe of current day Venus All 3 evolution animations edited together. Surface of Venus evolution pull out through clouds to Venus. These animations were created to show the evolution of Venus's landscape over time. Related pages

Greetings and welcome to “Cosmic Designs” a performance by the National Philharmonic presented in partnership with NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center.“Cosmic Designs” is a voyage that blends together science and art. The pursuit of knowledge and the creative drive for artistic expression are inherent to the human condition. The melding of NASA imagery and symphonic music we present here showcases the imagination that underpins both and highlights how inspiring the combination can be. Title card and greetings to performances of "The Planets", presented in partnership with NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. Includes credits of the producers, editors, animators, and visualizers responsible for the NASA imagery compiled in the seven movements hosted on this page. Textless version of the title card to the performance of "The Planets", presented in partnership with NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. From the oceans of Earth, to the ocean of the stars, we come to the centerpiece of tonight’s performance.Most of Earth’s planetary neighbors have been known for thousands of years, but for much of that time, they were not much more than wandering points of light that moved predictably through the sky.When Holst composed his “Planets” suite a century ago, the best telescopes of the time were only just beginning to reveal the true nature of the planets. Holst drew his inspiration from Roman myth, not fledgling scientific observation.In some cases, the mythology shares some common ground with what we know today about the planets.Holst titled his movement on Mars “The Bringer of War.” The driving power of this opening piece evokes the Red Planet’s towering dormant volcanoes and battered cratering. The solar system’s biggest canyon is like a battle scar across Mars’ torso. Mars can be a downright hostile place!It’s also a far more active world than you might think.NASA’s orbiters, landers and rovers see small tornados wisp across the surface. We see new craters from new impacts. We see water vaporizing into a thin Martian atmosphere that the solar wind rips away.The more we’ve learned about Mars today, the more we’ve learned about Mars of the past.We don’t think Mars ever hosted vast civilizations, but Mars was once a wet world, one that may have looked a lot more like Earth. Was there ever life there? Is there life there now?As you listen to this driving and exciting piece, imagine how amazing the answers to those questions could be. Next we visit Earth’s other planetary next-door neighbor. Holst casts Venus, the Roman goddess of love, as the “bringer of peace” in this soothing and beguiling movement.Venus is about the same size as Earth, but closer to the sun. Fanciful depictions in the past of its surface portrayed a balmy paradise, and Venus is indeed our warmest planet.But under a planet-wide shroud of highly reflective clouds is a climate that has evolved very differently than Earth’s.Beneath high altitude electrified wind and 15 miles of sulfuric acid clouds, the unbreathable carbon dioxide air is a “greenhouse gone wild,” with surface temperatures hot enough to melt lead and crushing atmospheric pressure 100 times greater than what we feel on Earth.Although not quite peaceful itself, Venus still has been a bringer of peace in at least one sense. Early satellite observations and study of the planet were among the first cooperative efforts of the Space Race between America and the Soviet Union. Appropriately, Mercury is the “Winged Messenger.” The smallest planet in our solar system zips around the Sun closer than any other. Mercury completes a full circuit in its orbital relay race every 88 days, at varying speeds around 100,000 miles an hour.At first glance, this tiny rock may look rather dull, but as we’ve learned, Mercury has a lot to say.Despite how close it is to the Sun, there are places on Mercury that never see sunlight. We know now there is water ice hiding in these shadows.One of Mercury’s more important messages to science was that this Albert Einstein guy might be worth listening to. Einstein’s theory of relativity explained a wobble in Mercury’s orbit that puzzled astronomers for 50 years.Holst’s composition for Mercury features a fittingly brisk pace, with punctuated, almost Morse Code-like conversations among the instruments. We move now from smallest to largest.The gas giant Jupiter is our solar system’s most massive world (more than twice all the others put together).Its Great Red Spot is a swirling maelstrom – bigger than Earth – that has raged on for at least 150 years, and perhaps much, much longer.Jupiter is “the bringer of jollity” in Holst’s envisioning. This heavyweight world brings scientists so much joy in part because it has one of the best candidate spots in our solar system to search for life. The search for life elsewhere in the universe (life as we know it, anyway) is also the search for water.Jupiter’s frozen moon Europa may contain a liquid ocean beneath its icy surface. Jupiter itself may not be so jolly a place to visit, but perhaps nearby teems a refuge of aquatic life?The joy and excitement of new discovery is expertly captured in Holst’s tribute. If we do someday find life in Jupiter’s neighborhood, “The Bringer of Jollity” would make for an excellent discovery fanfare. In ancient times, long before the advent of telescopes, Saturn was the most distant planet known. In the Roman pantheon, Saturn was a god of time, which connects well to Holst’s movement, “The Bringer of Old Age.”In truth, Saturn is the same age as every other planet in our solar system, 4.5 billion years or so.Its most striking feature by far is its ring system. From a distance they appear solid, but they are in reality a densely packed collection of tiny ice crystals and rocks.Some of Saturn’s many moons happen to orbit through this debris disk and corral the mess, which is partly why the rings look striped.Among Saturn’s 60 or so moons is a tiny, icy body called Enceladus, like a small version of Jupiter’s Europa.And apart from this potential life-harboring spot, Saturn also fosters the only moon in our solar system with an atmosphere: Titan.Larger than the planet Mercury, Titan is the only place in the solar system (other than Earth) with liquid oceans on its surface. But on Titan, they’re not of water, but methane and ethane.Conditions for life to form on either moon may be harsh, but perhaps not impossible.Holst’s Saturn is peaceful at times, and ominous, almost chaotic, at others. This diversity of sound is likewise reflected in the diversity of fascinating exploration possibilities Saturn offers. Uranus is Holst’s magician. True to form, this hazy ice giant has more than one magic trick up its sleeves.Uranus is so dim in Earth’s night sky that it hid more or less in plain sight for thousands of years. Not until 1781 did we identify it as a planet.Even then, Uranus still had tricks to share. Rings were discovered by chance almost 200 years later. These tenuous “now you see them, now you don’t” bands are so faint as to be all but invisible to most telescopes.The magic doesn’t end there: Every planet in the solar system more or less spins like a top in circling the sun – but Uranus rolls sideways, choosing instead to somersault.Like any great magic act, Uranus is both bombastic and playful in Holst’s score. The final planet in Holst’s suite and in our solar system is Neptune, where temperatures hit 350 degrees below zero [Fahrenheit] and icy winds blow at 900 miles an hour, more than five times the speed of a Category 5 hurricane. Its atmosphere swirls with intense storms, including Great Dark Spots, akin to Jupiter’s Great Red Spot.“The Mystic” was mysterious indeed when Holst penned the piece. Neptune was only found in 1846, so in that sense, it is the “newest” of our solar system’s worlds.Neptune is 30 times as far away from the sun as Earth. At that distance, it takes 165 years for Neptune to journey around our solar system’s central star. Neptune has just barely completed one full circuit since its discovery.We began our journey this evening with “La Mer” and the waters of Earth. Now we conclude with Neptune, the Roman god of the sea. Holst wrote one of classical music’s first fadeaways to end his journey through the planets.And how fitting an ending it is: As the sun’s influence fades beyond Neptune, to become just another star in the sky, we are left wondering what magnificence awaits us as we continue to reach out and explore the open seas of space beyond. Related pages

Animated Sequence Of Parker Solar ProbeCredit: NASA/JHUAPL Observing The SunCredit: NASA/JHUAPL Fairing SeparationCredit: NASA/JHUAPL Swing By Of The Sun - Close-upCredit: NASA/JHUAPL Third Stage FiringCredit: NASA/JHUAPL Third Stage SeparationCredit: NASA/JHUAPL Third Stage Separation From Parker Solar ProbeCredit: NASA/JHUAPL Venus FlybyCredit: NASA/JHUAPL Venus FlybyCredit: NASA/JHUAPL Solar Arrays DeploymentCredit: NASA/JHUAPL Mag Boom DeployCredit: NASA/JHUAPL Field Antennas DeployCredit: NASA/JHUAPL Mission TrajectoryCredit: NASA/JHUAPL Field Antennas GlowCredit: NASA/JHUAPL Parker Solar Probe With SunCredit: NASA/JHUAPL Parker Solar Probe Approaches SunCredit: NASA/JHUAPL Parker Solar Probe FliesCredit: NASA/JHUAPL Sun Reflects on ArraysCredit: NASA/JHUAPL For More InformationSee [http://parkersolarprobe.jhuapl.edu/index.php](http://parkersolarprobe.jhuapl.edu/index.php) Related pages

The hemispheric view of Venus, as revealed by more than a decade of radar investigations culminating in the 1990-1994 Magellan mission, is centered at 180 degrees east longitude. The Magellan spacecraft imaged more than 98 percent of Venus at a resolution of about 100 meters; the effective resolution of this image is about 3 km. A mosaic of the Magellan images (most with illumination from the west) forms the image base. Gaps in the Magellan coverage were filled with images from the Earth-based Arecibo radar in a region centered roughly on 0 degree latitude and longitude, and with a neutral tone elsewhere (primarily near the south pole). The composite image was processed to improve contrast and to emphasize small features, and was color-coded to represent elevation. Gaps in the elevation data from the Magellan radar altimeter were filled with altimetry from the Venera spacecraft and the U.S. Pioneer Venus missions. An orthographic projection was used, simulating a distant view of one hemisphere of the planet. A hemispheric view of Venus For More InformationSee [http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00159](http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00159) Related pages

Music Credits: “Swirling Blizzard” by Laurent Dury [SACEM], “Sparkle Shimmer” by William Henries [PRS] and Michael Holborn [PRS] from Universal Production MusicAdditional footage from:Science@NASA: https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/news-articles/on-the-cusp-of-understandingJPL:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DMZ5WFRbSTcJohns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab: https://messenger.jhuapl.edu/ Mercury is special. As the closest planet to the Sun, it occupies a region where the Sun’s influence is changing dramatically. The Sun’s magnetic field, which dominates space close to the Sun, is rapidly waning. And Mercury’s orbit – more elliptical or “oval-shaped” than any other planet – allows it to experience a wider range of solar magnetic field conditions than any other planet. As a result, Mercury provides a unique opportunity to study how the Sun’s influence on a planet varies with distance.In a new study published in Nature Communications, Goddard scientists Norberto Romanelli and Gina DiBraccio used data from NASA’s MESSENGER spacecraft to study the Sun’s changing interaction with Mercury. As Mercury moves through the solar wind, the steady stream of particles escaping the Sun, some of them strike Mercury’s magnetosphere and bounce back towards the Sun. These rebounding solar wind particles generate low-frequency waves that reverberate through space, traveling “upstream” in the solar wind towards the Sun. Romanelli and DiBraccio observed these waves emanating from Mercury and discovered that the rate of wave production varied throughout Mercury’s orbit. As Mercury moved farther from the Sun it generated more waves; as it got closer, the rate of wave production dropped. The results provide key evidence for a theory that these waves are affected, in part, by the strength of the Sun’s magnetic field, which grows weaker with distance. Related pages