1
00:00:00,060 --> 00:00:06,660
We're gonna step away from the Earth for
a little bit and talk about in my view

2
00:00:06,660 --> 00:00:10,349
and some view the most important object
in the solar system besides the one we

3
00:00:10,349 --> 00:00:18,300
live on but the one at the center of it
the Sun. The thing that powers it all, so

4
00:00:18,300 --> 00:00:27,020
let's start off with the Sun we see
every day is not too exciting I mean we

5
00:00:27,020 --> 00:00:31,560
know that we're not supposed to look at
it. It's really really bright but even if

6
00:00:31,560 --> 00:00:36,540
you look at it with a telescope and look
at it in invisible light unless there's

7
00:00:36,540 --> 00:00:40,640
a Sun SPOT too loud too loud
okay can you turn down just a little bit

8
00:00:40,640 --> 00:00:48,960
unless you look at it outside of the
atmosphere it's really just a big yellow

9
00:00:48,960 --> 00:00:55,559
ball maybe with a sunspot or two across
it but if I step out in a space and look

10
00:00:55,559 --> 00:01:00,870
at the Sun with a telescope that sees
wavelengths that I can't see with my own

11
00:01:00,870 --> 00:01:11,070
eye this is what I see. This is the Sun
and extreme ultraviolet seen from the

12
00:01:11,070 --> 00:01:16,049
Solar Dynamics Observatory and you can
see it's so much more dynamic we have a

13
00:01:16,049 --> 00:01:22,500
huge explosion here this is billions of
tons of solar material blasting away

14
00:01:22,500 --> 00:01:26,090
from the earth that millions of miles an
hour called a coronal mass ejection

15
00:01:26,090 --> 00:01:32,189
filling the entire solar system we have
a flash of light, light through the

16
00:01:32,189 --> 00:01:36,810
entire electromagnetic spectrum from
radio all the way to gamma rays with

17
00:01:36,810 --> 00:01:41,970
enough power, enough energy to power the
world for a hundred thousand years

18
00:01:41,970 --> 00:01:48,540
that's called a solar flare and both of
those huge eruptions create massive

19
00:01:48,540 --> 00:01:53,640
shockwaves that accelerate particles at
near the speed of light and all of this

20
00:01:53,640 --> 00:01:59,399
stuff fills the solar system and
interacts with everything in it with

21
00:01:59,399 --> 00:02:04,189
planets with their atmospheres with
their magnetic fields if they have them

22
00:02:04,189 --> 00:02:11,009
with asteroids and comets but also with
the things and the people that we put

23
00:02:11,009 --> 00:02:17,430
into space with our spacecraft,
with our astronauts and so we want to be

24
00:02:17,430 --> 00:02:23,819
able to understand this, maybe even
predict it and have something similar to

25
00:02:23,819 --> 00:02:29,099
terrestrial whether. We actually call it
space weather but we want to be able to

26
00:02:29,099 --> 00:02:35,519
protect our assets and protect the
people as we send them back to the moon

27
00:02:35,519 --> 00:02:43,860
and beyond to Mars and because we have a
new initiative now a new program Artemis

28
00:02:43,860 --> 00:02:51,629
to go back to the moon to send the next
man and the first woman to step foot on

29
00:02:51,629 --> 00:02:59,329
the lunar surface we have a unique
opportunity. We can now do unique science

30
00:02:59,329 --> 00:03:06,180
from the moon in particular unique
science to understand this beast sitting

31
00:03:06,180 --> 00:03:09,239
at the inner in the beginning of us in
this in the center of our solar system

32
00:03:09,239 --> 00:03:15,299
and understand better the influence that
it has on us and protect those people

33
00:03:15,299 --> 00:03:18,060
that were sending to the moon and to
Mars

34
00:03:18,060 --> 00:03:25,290
so next slide please, this is actually a
really nice observation so here is the

35
00:03:25,290 --> 00:03:29,849
same spacecraft a different wavelength
but extreme ultraviolet but look you see

36
00:03:29,849 --> 00:03:35,840
this object move in front of it
okay that's the moon, that's the moon

37
00:03:35,840 --> 00:03:42,180
basically eclipsing the Sun we're seeing
this from space and in fact we can use

38
00:03:42,180 --> 00:03:47,400
this opportunity to learn things about
the moon itself these images are so

39
00:03:47,400 --> 00:03:53,340
detailed that when you see that shadow
come past what you're actually seeing is

40
00:03:53,340 --> 00:03:58,260
if you look at the bottom it's not
smooth right here there are little bumps

41
00:03:58,260 --> 00:04:03,449
on it you're actually seeing the moons
of your see... sorry you're seeing the

42
00:04:03,449 --> 00:04:10,290
mountains of the moon when you look at
this edge. So using a solar telescope

43
00:04:10,290 --> 00:04:14,190
we're actually learning something about
the moon but we can turn this around

44
00:04:14,190 --> 00:04:20,209
because the moon gives us a unique
perspective, next slide please

45
00:04:20,269 --> 00:04:25,409
we have some, we have a unique
opportunity because sitting on the

46
00:04:25,409 --> 00:04:30,360
surface of the Moon
we have no atmosphere, okay

47
00:04:30,360 --> 00:04:35,410
giving us the ability to observe these
wavelengths of light that we can't see

48
00:04:35,410 --> 00:04:40,690
from the ground on the earth because
they're stopped by our atmosphere those

49
00:04:40,690 --> 00:04:47,289
extreme ultraviolet or gamma rays or
x-rays and also the moon does not have a

50
00:04:47,289 --> 00:04:54,430
magnetic field because not only do we
see the light coming from the Sun all of

51
00:04:54,430 --> 00:04:58,240
those particles when they get to the
Earth are affected by the magnetic field

52
00:04:58,240 --> 00:05:03,729
of the Earth they actually create a very
interesting complicated environment for

53
00:05:03,729 --> 00:05:08,080
example creating the Van Allen radiation
belts which we have to deal with as we

54
00:05:08,080 --> 00:05:15,520
fly through them away from the Earth so
sitting on this object orbiting the

55
00:05:15,520 --> 00:05:22,770
earth we have a unique platform for us
to observe the Sun and to observe the

56
00:05:22,770 --> 00:05:31,599
environment around the Sun. We can look
at those huge blobs of material coronal

57
00:05:31,599 --> 00:05:37,110
mass ejections leaving the Sun. We can
study the particles as they're reaching

58
00:05:37,110 --> 00:05:43,919
the Earth as they pass by the Moon, so if
we go to the next slide please

59
00:05:44,610 --> 00:05:48,699
so what you're looking at here is the
same explosion that I showed you at the

60
00:05:48,699 --> 00:05:55,479
very beginning and we're gonna back away
from that, so you can see what happens

61
00:05:55,479 --> 00:06:02,889
when that object, those particles leave
the Sun we have this background of

62
00:06:02,889 --> 00:06:06,940
particles called the solar wind that's
always flowing away from the Sun and

63
00:06:06,940 --> 00:06:13,300
then on top of that you have this bigger
cluster of particles that coronal mass

64
00:06:13,300 --> 00:06:20,759
ejection traveling from the Sun through
the solar system and eventually

65
00:06:20,759 --> 00:06:29,530
interacting with objects in the solar
system, here we see it passing Venus and

66
00:06:29,530 --> 00:06:33,970
you'll notice the particles are actually
impinging the atmosphere of Venus

67
00:06:33,970 --> 00:06:39,460
directly because Venus doesn't have a
magnetic field

68
00:06:39,460 --> 00:06:45,069
so they're moving straight impacting the
atmosphere creating a unique environment

69
00:06:45,069 --> 00:06:52,690
and as they continue on and eventually
reach the Earth now you see the

70
00:06:52,690 --> 00:06:57,099
particles are actually moving around it
okay because the Earth's magnetic field

71
00:06:57,099 --> 00:07:04,530
is acting as a sort of force field
protecting to somewhat the Earth

72
00:07:04,530 --> 00:07:10,240
creating a very interesting and
complicated environment so when we sit

73
00:07:10,240 --> 00:07:15,490
on the Moon we don't have those aspects
we don't have the atmosphere we don't

74
00:07:15,490 --> 00:07:20,050
have the magnetic fields but there are a
couple of things that are unique about

75
00:07:20,050 --> 00:07:24,550
that environment, let's go to the next
slide, let's actually skip ahead I want

76
00:07:24,550 --> 00:07:31,380
to pass this one and just skip to this
so that magnetic field of the Earth and

77
00:07:31,380 --> 00:07:36,759
we're in this case the Sun is in this
direction as it's coming as all those

78
00:07:36,759 --> 00:07:40,810
particles are coming past us they're
stretching the magnetic field of the

79
00:07:40,810 --> 00:07:45,310
Earth creating this sort of elongated
almost tadpole like structure we call

80
00:07:45,310 --> 00:07:52,750
this the magnetosphere, there are
particles around it particles building

81
00:07:52,750 --> 00:07:57,070
up along the back part this is an
incredibly complicated environment that

82
00:07:57,070 --> 00:08:04,419
our spacecraft and the ISS is traveling
through but also in order to understand

83
00:08:04,419 --> 00:08:09,849
this we have a unique perspective with
the Moon because in fact the Moon as

84
00:08:09,849 --> 00:08:15,449
it's orbiting the Earth it's actually
passing in and out of this structure

85
00:08:15,449 --> 00:08:22,449
during the new moon when the Sun is over
there and the Moon is directly on the

86
00:08:22,449 --> 00:08:27,430
other side of the Earth it's actually
sitting right in here so for about six

87
00:08:27,430 --> 00:08:33,360
days the Moon orbits through the
magnetosphere and allows us to sample

88
00:08:33,360 --> 00:08:37,990
what's happening in this unique
environment and as the Moon moves around

89
00:08:37,990 --> 00:08:43,990
it we sample different parts of this
whole structure we see different

90
00:08:43,990 --> 00:08:50,140
characteristics different environments
and eventually for a full moon it's

91
00:08:50,140 --> 00:08:53,260
sitting over on this side almost
completely out

92
00:08:53,260 --> 00:08:59,770
what we call the magnetosphere so we
have this observing platform this

93
00:08:59,770 --> 00:09:06,040
natural observing platform that's moving
around the magnetosphere allowing us to

94
00:09:06,040 --> 00:09:12,520
sample this hazardous complicated space
that we have to travel through to

95
00:09:12,520 --> 00:09:18,880
measure the particles to measure the
electric and magnetic fields to measure

96
00:09:18,880 --> 00:09:26,050
the plasma created in this whole
structure and at the same time we're

97
00:09:26,050 --> 00:09:32,470
able to get a unique view of what's
happening coming from the Sun as we are

98
00:09:32,470 --> 00:09:39,220
orbiting moving with the Moon as it's
orbiting the Earth because again we have

99
00:09:39,220 --> 00:09:45,790
no atmosphere so now we can have very
large powerful telescopes that we don't

100
00:09:45,790 --> 00:09:51,550
have to put into a spacecraft we can
actually have on the body itself to

101
00:09:51,550 --> 00:09:58,450
allow us to study all that's happening
from the Sun in multiple wavelengths of

102
00:09:58,450 --> 00:10:04,960
light measuring different types of
particles different types of electric

103
00:10:04,960 --> 00:10:10,960
and magnetic fields structures to
ultimately understand this kind of this

104
00:10:10,960 --> 00:10:16,330
very complicated environment that we
have to travel through and that we have

105
00:10:16,330 --> 00:10:24,850
to ultimately live in as we bring people
to the Moon and someday on to Mars so

106
00:10:24,850 --> 00:10:31,870
the Moon is providing something for us
that is unique and exciting to allow us

107
00:10:31,870 --> 00:10:38,590
to understand the environment created by
the Sun and as we understand that not

108
00:10:38,590 --> 00:10:43,810
only do we get a better handle on how to
deal with it how to live with it how to

109
00:10:43,810 --> 00:10:49,330
travel through it but what we learn
about our own Sun ultimately tells us

110
00:10:49,330 --> 00:10:55,090
about other stars other solar systems
and the planets and bodies that are

111
00:10:55,090 --> 00:11:01,120
interacting with them so we're looking
forward to 2024 and beyond as we start

112
00:11:01,120 --> 00:11:09,220
to explore this new unique environment
to study our star and ultimately put

113
00:11:09,220 --> 00:11:14,950
other kinds of telescopes other kinds of
instruments to study other stars other

114
00:11:14,950 --> 00:11:22,860
aspects of not just our solar system but
the universe so thank you very much