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NASA studies the space around our home planet to protect our technology and satellites flying through it.

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We call this region geospace.

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At first glance, it appears empty.

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But invisible particles and magnetic fields create a space weather system that can impact our space assets.

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To understand space weather, there are tools to make the invisible processes, visible.

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Soft x-rays map the outer boundaries of geospace.

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The borders of Earth’s magnetic field protect our planet from radiation.

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Energetic neutrals survey charged particles trapped in Earth’s magnetic field.

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These particles can fuel storms in geospace.

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Radiation from hydrogen highlights where Earth’s outer atmosphere interacts with space.

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Some of our atmosphere leaks into space through the exosphere.

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Extreme ultraviolet light shows the cold, dense pool of particles closest to Earth.

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The plasmasphere shrinks and swells during space weather events.

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The aurora, which we can see with our own eyes, is also visible in far ultraviolet light.

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Auroras visibly trace out the magnetic field lines near Earth.

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Extreme ultraviolet light reveals the layer of space closest to Earth.

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GPS signals and radio waves can be distorted when traveling through this region.

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Optical imagers, which take pictures in visible light, show the ionosphere and aurora.

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Astronauts need to be protected from radiation in the ionosphere.

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Together, these specialized tools can help map the invisible processes in geospace.

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