{QTtext}{font:Arial}{justify:center}{size:16}{timeScale:100}{width:1280}{height:40}{backColor:0, 0, 0} [00:00:00.00] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}Music [00:00:15.13] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}Narrator: What is the universe made of? The vast majority of it consists of the [00:00:19.15] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}wispy cosmic lightweights hydrogen and helium. Everything [00:00:23.21] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}else on the periodic table contributes only a small fraction of the whole. [00:00:27.22] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535} [00:00:29.25] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}Elements heavier than hydrogen and helium are forged in stars, and during [00:00:33.25] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}their explosive deaths as supernovas. [00:00:36.26] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535} [00:00:37.30] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}Type 1a supernovas are nature's most productive foundries. An old [00:00:41.35] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}white dwarf star pulls gas off its giant neighbor. The dwarf gains [00:00:45.38] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}mass until it becomes unstable and blows itself to bits. [00:00:49.38] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}The explosion creates vast amounts of heavy elements and blasts them into space. [00:00:53.56] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535} [00:00:54.57] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}Suzaku is an orbiting X-ray observatory, operated jointly by NASA [00:00:58.60] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535} and the Japanese Space Agency. And it recently spotted the metals [00:01:02.80] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}chromium and manganese in intergalactic space for the first time. [00:01:06.86] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}It's the largest known concentration of rare metals in the universe. [00:01:10.86] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}Suzaku was looking at X-rays shining from the core region of the [00:01:14.89] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}Perseus galaxy cluster and detected the metals in hot, thin intergalactic gas. [00:01:19.91] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}The gas is so thin it's close to a vacuum, but it fills a volume [00:01:23.97] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}of space in the cluster about 1.4 million light years across. [00:01:28.16] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}Music [00:01:30.17] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}Supernovas forged the metals and blasted them out of the galaxies, but [00:01:34.19] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}a single stellar explosion wasn't powerful enough to get the job done. [00:01:38.24] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}That requires periods of higher than normal star birth and death. [00:01:42.26] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}These so-called starbursts stirred up vast outflows of matter called [00:01:46.31] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}superwinds. Heavy elements forged by supernovas rode the superwinds [00:01:50.34] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}to intergalactic space. [00:01:52.34] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535} [00:01:54.38] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}A single supernova can produce thousands of times Earth's mass in chromium. [00:01:58.41] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}The Suzaku astronomers estimate that it took some three billion [00:02:02.45] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}supernovas to forge the treasure trove they found in the Perseus Cluster. [00:02:06.48] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}The total reservoir of heavy metal discovered by Suzaku [00:02:10.52] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}is even more staggering. The Perseus core region [00:02:13.55] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}holds 30 millions times the Sun's mass in chromium. [00:02:17.59] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}About 10 trillion times the mass of Earth. [00:02:20.60] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535} [00:02:22.63] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}Suzaku's chemical census of the universe is just beginning, but it's [00:02:26.66] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}already revealed just how rare and precious some corners of the cosmos are. [00:02:30.69] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535}Music [00:02:34.72] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535} [00:02:41.92] {font:Arial}{size:14}{Plain}{textColor:65535, 65535, 65535} [00:02:49.32]