Earth
ID: 4256
The well-known Polar Vortex, frigid air originating in the Arctic, was pushed southward in the 2013 – 2014 winter by a high-pressure system in the Pacific, contributing to a cold, snowy and icy winter in North America.
By early December, snow blanketed the mountains in the western United States and by January and February snow and unusually cold weather, with some record-breaking low temperatures and snowfall amounts, had reached parts of Canada and the eastern United States. New York City, Philadelphia, and Chicago all had one of their ten snowiest winters, while Detroit had its snowiest winter on record.
Ice formed early in the 2013 – 2014 winter, and stayed late on the Great Lakes. The maximum ice extent, 92.5 %, occurred on March 6th. This is the second most extensive ice cover observed over the Great Lakes during the satellite era (the record was 94.7% in 1979). Four of the Great Lakes (Superior, Michigan, Huron and Erie) became 90% or more ice covered for the first time since 1994. Lake Michigan reached 93.3% ice cover on March 8, 2014, setting a new record. The ice season persisted until the official ice-off date of June 6th. The extensive and thick ice cover on the Great Lakes in 2014 caused significant difficulties for shipping throughout the season.
Lake Superior reached its maximum ice extent on March 5th at 95.7%.The United States Coast Guard icebreaker, USCGC Mackinaw, attempts to establish a shipping lane and escort three lake freighters from the Duluth area to the locks at Sault Ste. Marie. Although the locks opened for the shipping season on March 25th, owing to the severe ice conditions the first freighter did not transit the locks until April 4th. Part of the ship track of the Mackinaw is shown in the animation (from March 21st to March 24th 2014). Some views of the extensive ice cover, having a thickness up to 42 inches in eastern Lake Superior, are reminiscent of sea ice in polar oceans.
The Winter of 2013 – 2014: A Cold, Snowy and Icy Winter in North America
By early December, snow blanketed the mountains in the western United States and by January and February snow and unusually cold weather, with some record-breaking low temperatures and snowfall amounts, had reached parts of Canada and the eastern United States. New York City, Philadelphia, and Chicago all had one of their ten snowiest winters, while Detroit had its snowiest winter on record.
Ice formed early in the 2013 – 2014 winter, and stayed late on the Great Lakes. The maximum ice extent, 92.5 %, occurred on March 6th. This is the second most extensive ice cover observed over the Great Lakes during the satellite era (the record was 94.7% in 1979). Four of the Great Lakes (Superior, Michigan, Huron and Erie) became 90% or more ice covered for the first time since 1994. Lake Michigan reached 93.3% ice cover on March 8, 2014, setting a new record. The ice season persisted until the official ice-off date of June 6th. The extensive and thick ice cover on the Great Lakes in 2014 caused significant difficulties for shipping throughout the season.
Lake Superior reached its maximum ice extent on March 5th at 95.7%.The United States Coast Guard icebreaker, USCGC Mackinaw, attempts to establish a shipping lane and escort three lake freighters from the Duluth area to the locks at Sault Ste. Marie. Although the locks opened for the shipping season on March 25th, owing to the severe ice conditions the first freighter did not transit the locks until April 4th. Part of the ship track of the Mackinaw is shown in the animation (from March 21st to March 24th 2014). Some views of the extensive ice cover, having a thickness up to 42 inches in eastern Lake Superior, are reminiscent of sea ice in polar oceans.
Related
Visualization Credits
Dorothy Hall (NASA/GSFC): Lead Scientist
George Leshkevich (NOAA): Lead Scientist
Son Nghiem (NASA/JPL CalTech): Scientist
Cindy Starr (Global Science and Technology, Inc.): Lead Visualizer
Laurence Schuler (ADNET Systems, Inc.): Technical Support
Ian Jones (ADNET Systems, Inc.): Technical Support
Cindy Starr (Global Science and Technology, Inc.): Video Editor
George Leshkevich (NOAA): Lead Scientist
Son Nghiem (NASA/JPL CalTech): Scientist
Cindy Starr (Global Science and Technology, Inc.): Lead Visualizer
Laurence Schuler (ADNET Systems, Inc.): Technical Support
Ian Jones (ADNET Systems, Inc.): Technical Support
Cindy Starr (Global Science and Technology, Inc.): Video Editor
Please give credit for this item to:
NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio.
Special thanks to the U.S. Coast Guard for icebreaker and helicopter support.
NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio.
Special thanks to the U.S. Coast Guard for icebreaker and helicopter support.
Short URL to share this page:
https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4256
Mission:
Terra
Data Used:
Note: While we identify the data sets used in these visualizations, we do not store any further details nor the data sets themselves on our site.
Keywords:
DLESE >> Cryology
SVS >> HDTV
GCMD >> Earth Science >> Cryosphere >> Snow/Ice >> Lake Ice
GCMD >> Earth Science >> Hydrosphere >> Snow/Ice >> Lake Ice
SVS >> Hyperwall
NASA Science >> Earth
SVS >> Presentation
GCMD >> Earth Science >> Terrestrial Hydrosphere >> Snow/ice >> Lake Ice
GCMD keywords can be found on the Internet with the following citation: Olsen, L.M., G. Major, K. Shein, J. Scialdone, S. Ritz, T. Stevens, M. Morahan, A. Aleman, R. Vogel, S. Leicester, H. Weir, M. Meaux, S. Grebas, C.Solomon, M. Holland, T. Northcutt, R. A. Restrepo, R. Bilodeau, 2013. NASA/Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Earth Science Keywords. Version 8.0.0.0.0
https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4256
Mission:
Terra
Data Used:
Terra/MODIS/Snow Cover Daily L3 Global 0.05Deg CMG (MOD10C1)
09/15/2013 - 05/31/2014Terra and Aqua/MODIS/Blue Marble: Next Generation also referred to as: BMNG
2004
Credit:
The Blue Marble data is courtesy of Reto Stockli (NASA/GSFC).
The Blue Marble data is courtesy of Reto Stockli (NASA/GSFC).
SHIZUKU (GCOM-W1)/AMSR2/10 km Daily Sea Ice Concentration
Observed Data - Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency - 09/15/2013 - 05/31/2014
Credit:
AMSR2 data courtesy of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).
AMSR2 data courtesy of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).
SHIZUKU (GCOM-W1)/AMSR2/10 km Daily 89 GHz Brightness Temperature
Observed Data - Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency - 09/15/2013 - 05/31/2014
Credit:
AMSR2 data courtesy of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).
AMSR2 data courtesy of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).
Great Lakes Daily Ice Concentration
Data Compilation - US National Ice Center/Naval Ice Center - 12/01/2013 - 05/31/2014Keywords:
DLESE >> Cryology
SVS >> HDTV
GCMD >> Earth Science >> Cryosphere >> Snow/Ice >> Lake Ice
GCMD >> Earth Science >> Hydrosphere >> Snow/Ice >> Lake Ice
SVS >> Hyperwall
NASA Science >> Earth
SVS >> Presentation
GCMD >> Earth Science >> Terrestrial Hydrosphere >> Snow/ice >> Lake Ice
GCMD keywords can be found on the Internet with the following citation: Olsen, L.M., G. Major, K. Shein, J. Scialdone, S. Ritz, T. Stevens, M. Morahan, A. Aleman, R. Vogel, S. Leicester, H. Weir, M. Meaux, S. Grebas, C.Solomon, M. Holland, T. Northcutt, R. A. Restrepo, R. Bilodeau, 2013. NASA/Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Earth Science Keywords. Version 8.0.0.0.0
