Simulated Sulfur Dioxide and Sulfate Aerosols

Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) is an atmospheric pollutant that poses significant threats to human health. High concentrations of SO₂ irritate the eyes, nose, and lungs, and can result in temporary breathing impairment. It is also a precursor to sulfuric acid, a major constituent of acid rain. SO₂ is produced by the combustion of coal, fuel oil, and gasoline (since these fuels contain sulfur), and in the oxidation of naturally occurring sulfur gases, such as in volcanic eruptions. Volcanic plumes, rich in ash and SO₂, are a hazard to aviation. Emitted SO₂ is oxidized to form sulfate aerosols that that can alter the brightness of clouds and precipitation. Sulfate aerosols persist for long periods of time and can contribute to climate change. This simulation, produced by the Goddard Earth Observing System Model Version 5 (GEOS-5), shows SO₂ and sulfate aerosols at 7-kilometer resolution from September 1, 2006 to December 31, 2006. Simulations such as this allow scientists to better understand how SO₂ and sulfate aerosols travel through the atmosphere and impact Earth’s climate.