SVS Demo Reel 2020

This color-coded map in Robinson projection displays a progression of changing global surface temperature anomalies. Normal temperatures are shown in white. Higher than normal temperatures are shown in red and lower than normal temperatures are shown in blue. Normal temperatures are calculated over the 30 year baseline period 1951-1980. The final frame represents the 5 year global temperature anomalies from 2018-2022. This data visualization shows the 2022 global surface temperature anomaly compared with the 1951-1980 average. This data visualization shows only the 2022 global surface temperature anomalies on a rotating globe to highlight the La Niña. 2022 was one of the warmest on record despite a third consecutive year of La Niña conditions in the tropical Pacific Ocean. NASA scientists estimate that La Niña’s cooling influence may have lowered global temperatures about 0.11 degrees Fahrenheit from what the average would have been under more typical ocean conditions. Colortable is both degrees fahrenheit and degrees celsius. This image is the single year 2022 GISS temperature anomaly as compared with the 1951-1980 average. This version does not have any titles or text overlays, except for the corresponding colorbar. This frame sequence of color-coded global temperature anomalies in robinson projection display a progression of changing global surface temperatures anomalies in even degrees Fahrenheit. The first frame in this sequence represents the data from 1880-1884. The second frame represents 1881-1885, ...and the last frame represents 2018-2022. Higher than normal temperatures are shown in red and lower than normal are shown in blue. Normal temperatures are the average over the 30 year baseline period 1951-1980. This sequence of images are the corresponding date overlays for the 5 year rolling averages used in the first visualization on this page. This frame sequence of color-coded global temperature anomalies in degrees celsius is designed to be displayed on the Science on a Sphere projection system. Each image represents a unique 5 year rolling time period with no fades between datasets. Frame 1884 represents data from 1880-1884, frame 1885 represents data from 1881-1885,... frame 2022 represents data from 2018-2022. Higher than normal temperatures are shown in red and lower than normal are shown in blue. Normal temperatures are the average over the 30 year baseline period 1951-1980. This is the colorbar for the Science on a Sphere frameset above. It is in degrees celsius.

This color-coded map in Robinson projection displays a progression of changing global surface temperature anomalies. Normal temperatures are shown in white. Higher than normal temperatures are shown in red and lower than normal temperatures are shown in blue. Normal temperatures are calculated over the 30 year baseline period 1951-1980. The final frame represents the 5 year global temperature anomalies from 2017-2021. Scale in degrees Fahrenheit. This data visualization shows the 2021 global surface temperature anomalies on a rotating globe to highlight the La Niña. La Niña has developed and is expected to last into early 2022. Despite the cooling influence of this naturally occurring climate phenomenon, temperatures in many parts of the world are above average. The year 2000 also saw a La Niña event of similar strength to that in 2021, but 2021 global temperatures was more than 0.75 degrees Fahrenheit hotter than 2000. This color-coded map in Robinson projection displays a progression of changing global surface temperature anomalies. Normal temperatures are shown in white. Higher than normal temperatures are shown in red and lower than normal temperatures are shown in blue. Normal temperatures are calculated over the 30 year baseline period 1951-1980. The final frame represents the 5 year global temperature anomalies from 2017-2021. Scale in degrees Celsius. This frame sequence is the corresponding date range for each frame in the sequence. Degrees Fahrenheit Colorbar Degrees Celsius Colorbar This frame sequence of color-coded global temperature anomalies in robinson projection display a progression of changing global surface temperatures anomalies in Fahrenheit. The first frame in this sequence represents the data from 1880-1884. The second frame represents 1881-1885, ...and the last frame represents 2017-2021. Higher than normal temperatures are shown in red and lower than normal are shown in blue. Normal temperatures are the average over the 30 year baseline period 1951-1980. This frame sequence of color-coded global temperature anomalies in degrees celsius is designed to be displayed on the Science on a Sphere projection system. Each image represents a unique 5 year rolling time period with no fades between datasets. Frame 1884 represents data from 1880-1884, frame 1885 represents data from 1881-1885,... frame 2021 represents data from 2017-2021. Higher than normal temperatures are shown in red and lower than normal are shown in blue. Normal temperatures are the average over the 30 year baseline period 1951-1980. This is the colorbar for the Science on a Sphere frameset above. It is in degrees celsius. Earth’s global average surface temperature in 2021 tied with 2018 as the sixth warmest on record, according to independent analyses done by NASA and NOAA. Continuing the planet’s long-term warming trend, global temperatures in 2021 were 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit (or 0.85 degrees Celsius) above the average for NASA’s baseline period, according to scientists at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) in New York.Collectively, the past eight years are the top eight warmest years since modern record keeping began in 1880. This annual temperature data makes up the global temperature record – and it’s how scientists know that the planet is warming.GISS is a NASA laboratory managed by the Earth Sciences Division of the agency’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. The laboratory is affiliated with Columbia University’s Earth Institute and School of Engineering and Applied Science in New York.For more information about NASA’s Earth science missions, visit: https://www.nasa.gov/earth Related pages

This visualization shows how the ocean circulation in the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica flows around and under the floating ice shelves and glaciers. The ocean flows are colored by temperature with blue indicating colder and red showing warmer currents. This version is in Dome Master format. The colorbar used to portray the ocean temperature in degrees fahrenheit The colorbar used to portray the temperature of the ocean in degrees celsius In this visualization of Antarctica, we cruise along the coastline of the Amundsen Sea from Cape Dart to the Pine Island Bay. Initially we pass the massive Getz Ice Shelf on our right stretching over 300 miles (500 km) along the coast. As we approach the Smith Glacier and the Dotson Ice Shelf, the sea surface becomes transparent allowing us to see the ocean flows moving under the surface. These flows portray the direction, speed and temperature of the ocean circulation based on version 3 of the ECCO ocean circulation model. The flows are colored by temperature, spanning the range from 29.75 degrees fahrenteit (-1.25 degrees celsius) shown in blue to 34.25 degrees fahrenheit (+1.25 degrees celsius) shown in red. We see the ocean flows circulating around the Pine Island Bay and under the adjacent floating ice tongue of the Thwaites Glacier.As we approach the Pine Island Glacier, we dip below the surface of the bay and see the stratification of the temperature in the ocean flows, with the coldest water shown in blue near the surface and the warmer water shown in red at lower depths. We move forward under the floating ice of the Pine Island Glacier and see how the warmer ocean flows are circulating under the glacier's floating tongue, eroding the ice from beneath.The topography in this visualization has been exaggerated by 4x above sea level and 15x below sea level in order to more clearly observe the change in ocean temperature at various depths.This version is provided in Dome Master format meant for projection onto a planetarium dome. A version of this visualization designed to play on a flat screen is available here. Related pages

This color-coded map in Robinson projection displays a progression of changing global surface temperature anomalies. Normal temperatures are the average over the 30 year baseline period 1951-1980. Higher than normal temperatures are shown in red and lower than normal temperatures are shown in blue. The final frame represents the 5 year global temperature anomalies from 2016-2020. Scale in degrees Celsius. This color-coded map in Robinson projection displays a progression of changing global surface temperature anomalies. Normal temperatures are the average over the 30 year baseline period 1951-1980. Higher than normal temperatures are shown in red and lower than normal temperatures are shown in blue. The final frame represents the 5 year global temperature anomalies from 2016-2020. Scale in degrees Fahrenheit. This data visualization places the most recent time step, 2016-2020, of our global surface temperature anomalies on a rotating globe. Normal temperatures are the average over the 30 year baseline period 1951-1980. Higher than normal temperatures are shown in red and lower than normal temperatures are shown in blue. Scale is in degrees Fahrenheit. THe Earth's topography is exaggerated by 10x. This frame sequence is the corresponding date range for each frame in the sequence. This 136 frame sequence of color-coded global temperature anomalies in robinson projection display a progression of changing global surface temperatures anomalies in Fahrenheit. The first frame in this sequence represents the data from 1880-1884. The second frame represents 1881-1885, ...and the last frame represents 2016-2020. Higher than normal temperatures are shown in red and lower than normal are shown in blue. Normal temperatures are the average over the 30 year baseline period 1951-1980. Degrees Fahrenheit Colorbar Degrees Celsius Colorbar This frame sequence of color-coded global temperature anomalies in degrees celsius is designed to be displayed on the Science on a Sphere projection system. Each image represents a unique 5 year rolling time period with no fades between datasets. Frame 1884 represents data from 1880-1884, frame 1885 represents data from 1881-1885,... frame 2020 represents data from 2016-2020. Higher than normal temperatures are shown in red and lower than normal are shown in blue. Normal temperatures are the average over the 30 year baseline period 1951-1980. Degrees Celsius horizontal colorbar 2020 Tied for Warmest Year on Record, NASA Analysis ShowsEarth’s global average surface temperature in 2020 tied with 2016 as the warmest year on record, according to an analysis by NASA. Continuing the planet’s long-term warming trend, the year’s globally averaged temperature was 1.84 degrees Fahrenheit (1.02 degrees Celsius) warmer than the baseline 1951-1980 mean, according to scientists at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) in New York. 2020 edged out 2016 by a very small amount, within the margin of error of the analysis, making the years effectively tied for the warmest year on record.“The last seven years have been the warmest seven years on record, typifying the ongoing and dramatic warming trend,” said GISS Director Gavin Schmidt. “Whether one year is a record or not is not really that important – the important things are long-term trends. With these trends, and as the human impact on the climate increases, we have to expect that records will continue to be broken.”A Warming, Changing WorldTracking global temperature trends provides a critical indicator of the impact of human activities – specifically, greenhouse gas emissions – on our planet. Earth's average temperature has risen more than 2 degrees Fahrenheit (1.2 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century. Rising temperatures are causing phenomena such as loss of sea ice and ice sheet mass, sea level rise, longer and more intense heat waves, and shifts in plant and animal habitats. Understanding such long-term climate trends is essential for the safety and quality of human life, allowing humans to adapt to the changing environment in ways such as planting different crops, managing our water resources and preparing for extreme weather events.Land, Sea, Air and SpaceNASA’s analysis incorporates surface temperature measurements from more than 26,000 weather stations and thousands of ship- and buoy-based observations of sea surface temperatures. These raw measurements are analyzed using an algorithm that considers the varied spacing of temperature stations around the globe and urban heating effects that could skew the conclusions if not taken into account. The result of these calculations is an estimate of the global average temperature difference from a baseline period of 1951 to 1980.NASA measures Earth's vital signs from land, air, and space with a fleet of satellites, as well as airborne and ground-based observation campaigns. The satellite surface temperature record from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument aboard NASA’s Aura satellite confirms the GISTEMP results of the past seven years being the warmest on record. Satellite measurements of air temperature, sea surface temperature, and sea levels, as well as other space-based observations, also reflect a warming, changing world. The agency develops new ways to observe and study Earth's interconnected natural systems with long-term data records and computer analysis tools to better see how our planet is changing. NASA shares this unique knowledge with the global community and works with institutions in the United States and around the world that contribute to understanding and protecting our home planet. NASA’s full surface temperature data set – and the complete methodology used to make the temperature calculation – are available at: https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistempGISS is a NASA laboratory managed by the Earth Sciences Division of the agency’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. The laboratory is affiliated with Columbia University’s Earth Institute and School of Engineering and Applied Science in New York.For more information about NASA’s Earth science missions, visit: https://www.nasa.gov/earth Related pages

COVID-19 Earth Observing Fleet This animation shows the orbits of satellites that NASA is using to study the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment. It includes assets from our domestic partners, such as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the U.S. Geological Survey, our international partners, such as the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), and our commercial partner Planet Labs.Together, our combined measurements are providing the spatial and temporal breadth to more fully characterize and understand how society’s changing behavior during the pandemic is affecting the Earth system. The clouds used in this version are from a high resolution GEOS model run at 10 minute time steps interpolated down to the per-frame level.Spacecraft included:NASAAquaAuraSuomi NPP: Suomi National Polar-orbiting PartnershipOCO-2: Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2TerraLandsat 7Landsat 8ISS: International Space StationInternationalSentinel-1Sentinel-2Sentinel-5PGOSATALOS-2CommercialPlanet Labs 178 nanosatellites Related pages

Typhoon Trami as seen through TEMPEST-D and RainCube on September 28, 2018. TEMPEST-D and RaInCube are part of the next generation of small satellites called cubesats. Together these tiny satellites can generate some big results. This data visualization shows how TEMPEST-D and RainCube satellite data can be used in conjunction with each other to provide both horizontal cross-sections as well as a vertical slice through significant weather events such as Typhoon Trami. Related pages

Short video showing the solar flare and subsequent prominence eruption and "arcade" of loops.Credit: NASA/GSFC/SDOMusic: "Beautiful Awesome" from Universal Production MusicWatch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.Complete transcript available. A bright arcade of loops forms on the Sun on November 29, 2020. This image shows the structure in three wavelengths of light that highlight different parts of the structure.Credit: NASA/GSFC/SDO A prominence erupts from the Sun on November 29, 2020. This image shows the structure in three wavelengths of light that highlight different parts of the structure.Credit: NASA/GSFC/SDO Animated gif of solar activity from November 29, 2020. Captured by the Solar Dynamics Observatory in 131 angstrom light, this imagery highlights material at 12 million Kelvin.Credit: NASA/GSFC/SDO A beautiful arcade of loops forms on the Sun on November 29, 2020. This image was captured by NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory and shows a blend of light in the 171 and 131 angstrom wavelength.Credit: NASA/GSFC/SDO The Sun on November 29, 2020. This image was captured by NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory and shows light in the 171 angstrom wavelength.Credit: NASA/GSFC/SDO 4k frames and video covering a time period of 11:00 UT on November 29 to 09:00 UT on November 30, 2020. 131 angstrom wavelength extreme ultraviolet light.Credit: NASA/GSFC/SDO 4k frames and video covering a time period of 11:00 UT on November 29 to 09:00 UT on November 30, 2020. 171 angstrom wavelength extreme ultraviolet light.Credit: NASA/GSFC/SDO 4k frames and video covering a time period of 11:00 UT on November 29 to 09:00 UT on November 30, 2020. 304 angstrom wavelength extreme ultraviolet light.Credit: NASA/GSFC/SDO This imagery captured by NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory shows a solar flare and a subsequent eruption of solar material that occurred over the left limb of the Sun on November 29, 2020. From its foot point over the limb, some of the light and energy was blocked from reaching Earth – a little like seeing light from a lightbulb with the bottom half covered up. Also visible in the imagery is an eruption of solar material that achieved escape velocity and moved out into space as a giant cloud of gas and magnetic fields known as a coronal mass ejection, or CME. A third, but invisible, feature of such eruptive events also blew off the Sun: a swarm of fast-moving solar energetic particles. Such particles are guided by the magnetic fields streaming out from the Sun, which, due to the Sun’s constant rotation, point backwards in a big spiral much the way water comes out of a spinning sprinkler. The solar energetic particles, therefore, emerging as they did from a part of the Sun not yet completely rotated into our view, traveled along that magnetic spiral away from Earth toward the other side of the Sun. While the solar material didn’t head toward Earth, it did pass by some spacecraft: NASA’s Parker Solar Probe, NASA’s STEREO and ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter. Equipped to measure magnetic fields and the particles that pass over them, we may be able to study fast-moving solar energetic particles in the observations once they are downloaded. These sun-watching missions are all part of a larger heliophysics fleet that help us understand both what causes such eruptions on the Sun -- as well as how solar activity affects interplanetary space, including near Earth, where they have the potential to affect astronauts and satellites. For More InformationSee [https://blogs.nasa.gov/sunspot/2020/12/04/sdo-captures-brilliant-solar-eruption/](https://blogs.nasa.gov/sunspot/2020/12/04/sdo-captures-brilliant-solar-eruption/) Related pages

Deviation from modeled normal nitrogen dioxide levels after COVID-19 lockdowns Using computer models to generate a COVID-free 2020 for comparison, NASA researchers found that since February, pandemic restrictions have reduced global nitrogen dioxide concentrations by nearly 20%. The model simulation and machine learning analysis took place at the NASA Center for Climate Simulation. Its “business as usual” scenario showed an alternate reality version of 2020—one that did not experience any unexpected changes in human behavior brought on by the pandemic.From there it is simple subtraction. The difference between the model simulated values and the measured ground observations represents the change in emissions due to the pandemic response. The researchers received data from 46 countries—a total of 5,756 observation sites on the ground—relaying hourly atmospheric composition measurements in near-real time. On a city-level, 50 of the 61 analyzed cities show nitrogen dioxide reductions between 20-50%.Wuhan, China was the first municipality reporting an outbreak of COVID-19. It was also the first to show reduced nitrogen dioxide emissions—60% lower than simulated values expected. A 60% decrease in Milan and a 45% decrease in New York followed shortly, as their local restrictions went into effect.This visualization presents the deviation from the model as colored hemispheres at each observation site. Whether a site is under lockdown is denoted by a smaller dot at each site, colored grey to denote "no lockdown," and green to denote "under lockdown." Additionally, the deviation for each of three cities, Wuhan, Madrid, and New York is presented as a scrolling line graph at the top of the visualization. Related pages

This animation with voiceover narration shows the barotropic global ocean tides as a complex system of rotating and trapped waves with a mixture of frequencies.Complete transcript available.This video is also available on our YouTube channel. This animation shows the barotropic global ocean tides as a complex system of rotating and trapped waves with a mixture of frequencies. Ocean tides are not simple. If our planet had no continents, tides would be hemispheric-sized bulges of water moving westward with the moon and sun. This animation shows the tides as a complex system of rotating and trapped waves with a mixture of frequencies. Waves run relatively unimpeded westward only around Antarctica. Even there, we see a complicated pattern as waves merge from the north and others separate northwards or southwards under Antarctic ice shelves. In the North Atlantic, we see waves mainly rotating anti-clockwise, with small amplitudes in the middle of the ocean and high amplitudes around the boundaries, especially along the coasts of northwest Europe and Britain. Waves are trapped and rotating around New Zealand, causing a high tide on one side of the islands with a simultaneous low tide on the other side. The Topex/Poseidon and Jason satellite altimeter missions were designed to observe and record this complexity. Altimeters, on these missions, acted as flying tide gauges. After several years collecting data, researchers could analyze the signals at each ocean location to determine the tidal characteristics. With that knowledge, plus near-perfect knowledge of the motion of the sun and moon, the tide can be predicted at any location and at any time in the future.The data used in this visualization is from the Goddard Space Flight Center's barotropic tides simulation and runs for slightly longer than one Earth day. The level of the tides is exaggerated in order to show how the tides vary around the world. Related pages

This visualization depicts the OSIRIS-REx TAG on October 20, 2020. The OSIRIS-REx satellite is represented by an orange dot and trail. The visualization begins with the satellite’s departure from orbit and continues through the checkpoint, matchpoint, TAG, and backaway maneuvers. This is a closer view of the TAG, focusing on the checkpoint, matchpoint, TAG, and backaway maneuvers. White labels appear to highlight checkpoint and matchpoint. The TAG location is indicated with a marker that changes from white to green once the TAG has occurred. This a closer view of the TAG in a Bennu-fixed reference frame. A thin green line shows the future trajectory of OSIRIS-REx down to the TAG site. White labels appear to highlight checkpoint and matchpoint maneuvers. The TAG location is indicated with a marker that changes from white to green once the TAG has occurred. This is a view of the TAG event from the perspective of the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft. The visualization begins with the satellite’s departure from orbit and continues through the checkpoint, matchpoint, TAG, and backaway maneuvers. This is a view of the TAG event from the perspective of the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft. The visualization begins with the satellite’s departure from orbit and continues through the checkpoint, matchpoint, TAG, and backaway maneuvers. This version is about four times slower than the previous version and includes more of the backaway. This is a slower view of the TAG event from the perspective of the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft. The visualization begins just after the checkpoint maneuver and continues through matchpoint, TAG, and backaway. On Oct. 20, the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft will perform the first attempt of its Touch-And-Go (TAG) sample collection event. This series of maneuvers will bring the spacecraft down to site Nightingale, a rocky area 52 ft (16 m) in diameter in Bennu’s northern hemisphere, where the spacecraft’s robotic sampling arm will attempt to collect a sample. Site Nightingale was selected as the mission’s primary sample site because it holds the greatest amount of unobstructed fine-grained material, but the region is surrounded by building-sized boulders. During the sampling event, the spacecraft, which is the size of a large van, will attempt to touch down in an area that is only the size of a few parking spaces, and just a few steps away from some of these large boulders.During the 4.5-hour sample collection event, the spacecraft will perform three separate maneuvers to reach the asteroid’s surface. The descent sequence begins with OSIRIS-REx firing its thrusters for an orbit departure maneuver to leave its safe-home orbit approximately 2,500 feet (770 meters) from Bennu's surface. After traveling four hours on this downward trajectory, the spacecraft performs the “Checkpoint” maneuver at an approximate altitude of 410 ft (125 m). This thruster burn adjusts OSIRIS-REx’s position and speed to descend steeply toward the surface. About 11 minutes later, the spacecraft performs the “Matchpoint” burn at an approximate altitude of 177 ft (54 m), slowing its descent and targeting a path to match the asteroid's rotation at the time of contact. The spacecraft then descends to the surface, touches down for less than sixteen seconds and fires one of its three pressurized nitrogen bottles. The gas agitates and lifts Bennu’s surface material, which is then caught in the spacecraft’s collector head. After this brief touch, OSIRIS-REx fires its thrusters to back away from Bennu’s surface and navigates to a safe distance from the asteroid. Related pages

This first shot of the sequence begins with OSIRIS-REx’s arrival at the asteroid Bennu. A low resolution view of the asteroid is presented and thermal inertia data fades in, representing our initial understanding of the asteroid. The asteroid then spins quickly to serve as a transition to the second shot in the sequence. This second shot in the sequence begins with a fast spinning Bennu, matching the end of the first shot in the sequence. As Bennu’s rotation decelerates, a highly detailed view of the asteroid is revealed using 20cm terrain elevation data (OLA) and high resolution imagery (PolyCam). The camera then zooms in and flys over several locations - Simurgh, Roc, Gargoyle, and Ocypete. Each of these locations are presented using 5cm terrain elevation tiles. The third shot of the sequence begins with a dramatic reveal of BenBen, the tallest boulder on Bennu. The shot begins in darkness and sunlight sweeps across the surface of the asteroid. The camera rotates down to the horizon to show the height of the boulder before zooming over to a view of two boulders found to contain pyroxene. The camera then zooms back out to a global view and we see OSIRIS-REx in orbit around the asteroid. When NASA’s OSIRIS-REx spacecraft arrived at asteroid Bennu in December 2018, its close-up images confirmed what mission planners had predicted nearly two decades before: Bennu is made of loose material weakly clumped together by gravity, and shaped like a spinning top. This major validation, however, was accompanied by a major surprise. Scientists had expected Bennu’s surface to consist of fine-grained material like a sandy beach, but instead OSIRIS-REx was greeted by a rugged world littered with boulders – the size of cars, the size of houses, the size of football fields.This video explores several interesting features of Bennu. The surface features are presented in vivid detail thanks to detailed terrain data from the OLA instrument and high resolution imagery from the PolyCam instrument. Related pages

VIDEO IN ENGLISH Watch this video on the NASA Goddard YouTube channel.The Sun is stirring from its latest slumber. As sunspots and flares, signs of a new solar cycle, bubble from the Sun’s surface, scientists are anticipating a flurry of solar activity over the next few years. Roughly every 11 years, at the height of this cycle, the Sun’s magnetic poles flip—on Earth, that’d be like the North and South Poles’ swapping places every decade—and the Sun transitions from sluggish to active and stormy. At its quietest, the Sun is at solar minimum; during solar maximum, the Sun blazes with bright flares and solar eruptions. In this video, view the Sun's disk from our space telescopes as it transitions from minimum to maximum in the solar cycle.Music credit: "Observance" by Andrew Michael Britton [PRS], David Stephen Goldsmith [PRS] from Universal Production Music VIDEO EN ESPAÑOLMira este video en el canal NASA en Español en YouTube.El ciclo solar visto desde el espacioEl Sol se está despertando de su último sueño. A medida que las manchas y las fulguraciones solares, señales de un nuevo ciclo solar, burbujean en la superficie del Sol, los científicos anticipan una oleada de actividad solar durante los próximos años. Aproximadamente cada 11 años, en el punto álgido de este ciclo, los polos magnéticos del Sol se desplazan — en la Tierra sería como si se diera un intercambio de los polos norte y sur cada década — y el Sol pasa de estar aletargado a activo y tormentoso. En su momento más tranquilo, el Sol se encuentra en el mínimo solar; durante el máximo solar, el Sol brilla con fulguraciones brillantes y erupciones solares. En este video, observa el disco del Sol visto mediante nuestros telescopios espaciales a medida que pasa del mínimo al máximo en el ciclo solar.Crédito de música: "Observance" por Andrew Michael Britton [PRS], David Stephen Goldsmith [PRS] de Universal Production Music Related pages

This visualization presents orbits of the current heliophysics satellites covering the space near Earth, out to the orbit of the Moon. This visualization presents orbits of the current heliophysics satellites covering the space near Earth, out to the Moon and then to the Sun-Earth Lagrange point, L1. This visualization presents orbits of the current heliophysics satellites covering the space near Earth, out to the Sun-Earth Lagrange point, L1, and finally a view of the current missions operating in the inner solar system. This visualization presents orbits of the current heliophysics satellites covering the space near Earth, through the solar system, and concluding with a view of the Voyagers, just outside the heliopause. There have been few changes since the 2018 Heliophysics Fleet. Van Allen Probes and SORCE have been decommissioned, while Solar Orbiter, ICON and SET have been added. As of spring 2020, here's a tour of the NASA Heliophysics fleet from the near-Earth satellites out to the Voyagers beyond the heliopause.Excepting the Voyager missions, the satellite orbits are color coded for their observing program:Magenta: TIM (Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere) observationsYellow: solar observations and imageryCyan: Geospace and magnetosphereViolet: Heliospheric observations Near-Earth Fleet:Hinode: Observes the Sun in multiple wavelengths up to x-rays. SVS pageTIMED: Studies the upper layers (40-110 miles up) of Earth's atmosphere. SVS pageICON: Works with GOLD on studies of the ionosphere.AIM: Images and measures noctilucent clouds. SVS pageIRIS: Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph is designed to take high-resolution spectra and images of the region between the solar photosphere and solar atmosphere. SVS pageSET: Space Environment Testbed exploring radiation-hardening technologiesGeosynchronous Fleet:SDO: Solar Dynamics Observatory keeps the Sun under continuous observation at 16 megapixel resolution. SVS pageGOLD: Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk is a spectroscopic imager for studying the ionosphere.Geospace Fleet:Geotail: Conducts measurements of electrons and ions in the Earth's magnetotail. SVS pageMagnetospheric Multi-scale (MMS): This is a group of four satellites which fly in formation to measure how particles and fields in the magnetosphere vary in space and time. SVS pageTHEMIS: This is a fleet of three satellites to study how magnetospheric instabilities produce substorms. Two of the original five satellites were moved into lunar orbit to become THEMIS-ARTEMIS. SVS page IBEX: The Interstellar Boundary Explorer measures the flux of neutral atoms from the heliopause. SVS pageLunar Orbiting Fleet:THEMIS-ARTEMIS: Two of the THEMIS satellites were moved into lunar orbit to study the interaction of the Earth's magnetosphere with the Moon. SVS page Sun-Earth Lagrange Point One Fleet:The L1 point is a Lagrange Point between the Sun and the Earth. Spacecraft can orbit this location for continuous coverage of the Sun.SOHO: Studies the Sun with cameras and a multitude of other instruments. SVS pageACE: Measures the composition and characteristics of the solar wind. SVS pageWind: Measures particle flows and fields in the solar wind. SVS page Solar Orbiting Fleet:STEREO-A: The remaining STEREO spaceraft orbits the Sun in roughly the same orbit as Earth. SVS pageParker Solar Probe: On an orbit that takes it closer to the Sun than any other mission. SVS pageSolar Orbiter: On an orbit that takes it to high solar latitudes. SVS page Interstellar Fleet:Voyager 1 & Voyager 2: The two Voyager spaceraft orbit originally performed flybys of the outer planets of the solar system but continued to operate. They are now the most distant monitors of the plasma in the space between the stars. At the time of this visualization, Voyager 2 has just crossed the heliopause.SVS page For More InformationSee [NASA.gov](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/missions/index.html) Related pages

Data visualization of the draining of the Earth's oceans. The visualization simulates an incremental drop of 10 meters of the water’s level on Earth’s surface. As time progresses and the oceans drain, it becomes evident that underwater mountain ranges are bigger in size and trenches are deeper in comparison to those on dry land. While water drains quickly closer to continents, it drains slowly in our planet’s deepest trenches. Data visualization of the draining of the Earth's oceans with sea level annotation in 1920x1080 resolution. Data visualization of the draining of the Earth's oceans with sea level annotation in 4K resolution. Data visualization content in 9600x3240 resolution. This set of frames can be shown on 3x3 and 5x3 hyperwalls. A lower resolution preview movie is provided and it includes lines to illustrate the extents of the hyperwall screens. Data visualization content with sea level annotation in 9600x3240 resolution. This set of frames can be shown on 3x3 and 5x3 hyperwalls. A lower resolution preview movie is provided and it includes lines to illustrate the extents of the hyperwall screens. Print still image. Colorbar created for this visualization. Gray-brown divergent colorbar to separate the topography from bathymety. The bathymetry is mapped to brownish hues (tan/shallow to brown/deep) and the dry land to greys (dark gray/low to white/high). The colorbar is assymetrical; there are more levels below sea level than on dry land. The stops and rgb values of the colormap are accessible here. Earth is known as the “Blue Planet” due to the vast bodies of water that cover its surface. With an over 70% of our planet’s surface covered by water, ocean depths offer basins with an abundance of features, such as underwater plateaus, valleys, mountains and trenches. The average depth of the oceans and seas surrounding the continents is around 3,500 meters and parts deeper than 200 meters are called "deep sea".This visualization reveals Earth’s rich bathymetry, by featuring the ETOPO1 1-Arc Minute Global Relief Model. ETOPO1 integrates land topography and ocean bathymetry and provides complete global coverage between -90° to 90° in latitude and -180° to 180° in longitude. The visualization simulates an incremental drop of 10 meters of the water’s level on Earth’s surface. As time progresses and the oceans drain, it becomes evident that underwater mountain ranges are bigger in size and trenches are deeper in comparison to those on dry land. While water drains quickly closer to continents, it drains slowly in our planet’s deepest trenches. These trenches start to become apparent below 5,000 meters, as the majority of the oceans have been drained of water. In the Atlantic Ocean, there are two trenches that stand out. In the southern hemisphere, the South Sandwich trench is located between South America and Antarctica, while in the northern hemisphere the Puerto Rico trench in the eastern Caribbean is its deepest part. The majority of the world’s deepest trenches though are located in the Pacific Ocean. In the southern hemisphere, the Peru-Chile or Atacama trench is located off the coast of Peru and the Tonga Trench in the south-west Pacific Ocean between New Zealand and Tonga. In the northern hemisphere, the Philippines Trench is located east of the Philippines, and in the northwest Pacific Ocean we can see a range of trenches starting from the north, such as the Kuril-Kamchatka, and moving to the south all the way to Mariana’s trench that drains last.It is worth recalling that the altitude values of ETOPO1 range between 8,333 meters (topography) and -10,833 meters (bathymetry). This range of altitude values reflects the limitations of the visualization, since Challenger Deep - the Earth’s deepest point located at Mariana's trench - has been measured to a maximum depth of 10,910 meters and Mount Everest the highest peak above mean sea level is at 8,848 meters.In this visualization the vertically exaggerated by 60x ETOPO1 relief model, utilizes a gray-brown divergent colormap to separate the bathymetry from topography. The bathymetry is mapped to brownish hues (tan/shallow to brown/deep) and the dry land to greys (dark gray/low to white/high). A natural consequence of this mapping is that areas of the highest altitude are mapped to whitish hues, as they are almost always covered in snow. Furthermore, in an effort to help viewer’s eyes detect surface details that would otherwise be unnoticeable, the topography and bathymetry have been rendered with ambient occlusion - a shadowing technique that in this particular visualization darkens features and regions that present changes in altitude, such as mountains, ocean crevices and trenches. Data Sources:ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief Model developed by the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The model integrates land topography and ocean bathymetry and is available in two grid versions: Ice Surface and Bedrock. This data visualization utilized the ETOPO1 Ice Surface grid, which depicts the top of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets. The dataset is available at: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/ Data Citation: Amante, C. and B.W. Eakins, 2009. ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief Model: Procedures, Data Sources and Analysis. NOAA Technical Memorandum NESDIS NGDC-24. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi: 10.7289/V5C8276M [Date Accessed: April 10, 2020].Blue Marble: Next Generation was produced by Reto Stöckli, NASA Earth Observatory (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center). Reference: Reto Stöckli, Eric Vermote, Nazmi Saleous , Robert Simmon and David Herring. The Blue Marble Next Generation – A true color earth dataset including seasonal dynamics from MODIS, October 17, 2005. The visualizations featured on this page utilize Blue Marble data to mask water bodies from dry land. The rest of this webpage offers additional versions, frames, layers and colorbar information, associated with the development of this data-driven visualization. Related pages

Data visualization featuring the glacier rich region of the Himalayas, along with many of Earth’s highest peaks. The visualization sequence starts with a wide view of the Tibetan plateau and moves along a hiking path highlighting Mt. Everest, Mt. Lhotse, Mt Nuptse, the Everest Base Camp, the Khumbhu glacier, all the way to Imja Lake. Moving to a top-down view of Imja Lake, a time series of Landsat data unveils its dramatic growth for the period 1989-2019.This video is also available on our YouTube channel. Data visualization content in 9600x3240 resolution. This set of frames can be shown on 3x3 and 5x3 hyperwalls. A lower resolution preview movie is provided and it includes lines to illustrate the extents of the hyperwall screens. Zoom in to the region without the city names - for video editors who may want to fade the names out. Animated gif image of Imja Lake in 1989 and in 2019 using Landsat data. Glaciers are retreating on a near-global scale due to rising temperatures and climate change. The melt and retreat of glaciers contributes to sea level rise and in the formation of glacial lakes typically right at the foot of the glaciers. In the largest-ever study of glacial lakes, NASA-funded researchers Dan Shugar et al. working under a grant from NASA’s High Mountain Asia Program found that glacial lake volume has increased by about 50% worldwide since 1990. The findings, published in the journal Nature Climate Change with the title Rapid worldwide growth of glacial lakes since 1990 affect how researchers evaluate the amount of glacial meltwater reaching the oceans and contributing to sea level rise as well as evaluate hazard risks for mountain communities downstream. Glacial lakes, which are often dammed by ice or glacial sediment called a moraine, are not stable like the lakes most people are used to swimming or boating in. Rather, they can be quite unstable and can burst their banks or dams, causing massive floods downstream. These kinds of floods from glacial lakes, also known as glacial lake outburst floods or GLOFs, have been responsible for thousands of deaths over the last century, as well as the destruction of villages, infrastructure and livestock.The data visualization featured on this page showcases the glacier rich and wondrous landscape of High Mountain Asia and provides a glimpse into how glacial lakes have increased during the last thirty years, by demonstrating the growth of Imja Lake for the period 1989-2019. It is important to mention that while Imja Lake is just one of the 14,394 glacial lakes analyzed by the science team in the study for the period of 2015-2018, it serves as a vivid example due to its dramatic growth.The visualization sequence starts with a wide view of Asia and the Tibetan plateau and slowly zooms into the Himalayan region, which includes many of Earth’s highest peaks and is paired with the highest concentration of snow and glaciers outside of the polar regions. Soon after a block of the Eastern Himalayan region rises featuring realistically scaled terrain data from the High Mountain Asia 8-meter Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The 8-meter DEM is draped over with Landsat 8 data from the same region. The sequence takes us on a hiking path from Mt. Everest (8,848 m / 29,029 ft), Mt. Lhotse (8,516 m / 27,940 ft) and Mt. Nuptse (7,861 m / 25,791 ft), to the Everest Base Camp, the Khumbu Glacier all the way to Imja Lake. Moving to a top-down view, a time series of geo-registered Landsat data unveils the growth of Imja Lake from 1989 to 2019. Outlines of the Imja Lake extents highlight the growth during the 30 years occurring from meltwater from the adjacent glaciers.Until now climate models that translated glacier melt into sea level change assumed that water from glacier melt is instantaneously transported to the oceans, which presented an incomplete picture. Therefore, understanding how much of glacial meltwater is stored in lakes or groundwater underscores the importance of studying and monitoring glacial lakes worldwide. Data Sources:High Mountain Asia 8-meter Digital Elevation Model (DEM) derived from Optical Imagery, Version 1. The dataset is available from the NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center (NSIDC DAAC). The DEM is realistically scaled (Vertical exaggeration 1x) in this visualization. The DEM is generated from very-high-resolution imagery from DigitalGlobe satellites (GEOEYE-1, QUICKBIRD-2, WORLDVIEW-1, WORLDVIEW-2, WORLDVIEW-3) during the period of 28 January 2002 to 24 November 2016.Citation: Shean, D. 2017. High Mountain Asia 8-meter DEM Mosaics Derived from Optical Imagery, Version 1. [Subset Used: HMA_DEM8m_MOS_20170716_tile-677 | subregion with extents 27.7394° -28.1638° N, 86.6007°-87.2118° E ]. Boulder, Colorado USA. NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center. doi: https://doi.org/10.5067/KXOVQ9L172S2. [Date Accessed: 06/17/2020]. Landsat 5, Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 data comprise the time series of Imja Lake for the period 1989-2019. Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) Level-1 Data Products (doi: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7N015TQ) were used for the period 1989-1999. The Landsat 5 Product Identifiers are:LT05_L1TP_140041_19891109_20170201_01_T1LT05_L1TP_140041_19900112_20170201_01_T1LT05_L1TP_140041_19910131_20170128_01_T1LT05_L1TP_140041_19921117_20170121_01_T1LT05_L1TP_140041_19931120_20170116_01_T1LT05_L1TP_140041_19941022_20170111_01_T1LT05_L1TP_140041_19951009_20170106_01_T1LT05_L1TP_140041_19961112_20170102_01_T1LT05_L1TP_140041_19970216_20170101_01_T1LT05_L1TP_140041_19981102_20161220_01_T1LT05_L1TP_140041_19990427_20161219_01_T1Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) Level-1 Data Products (doi: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7WH2P8G) were used for the period 2000-2012. The Landsat 7 Product Identifiers are:LE07_L1TP_140041_20001030_20170209_01_T1LE07_L1TP_140041_20011017_20170202_01_T1LE07_L1TP_140041_20021020_20170127_01_T1LE07_L1TP_140041_20030124_20170126_01_T1LE07_L1TP_140041_20041110_20170117_01_T1LE07_L1TP_140041_20051113_20170112_01_T1LE07_L1TP_140041_20060116_20170111_01_T1LE07_L1TP_140041_20070103_20170105_01_T1LE07_L1TP_140041_20081020_20161224_01_T1LE07_L1TP_140041_20091023_20161217_01_T1LE07_L1TP_140041_20101026_20161212_01_T1LE07_L1TP_140041_20111013_20161206_01_T1LE07_L1TP_140041_20121015_20161127_01_T1Landsat 8 Operational Land Imagery (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) Level-1 Data Products (doi: https://doi.org/10.5066/F71835S6) were used for the period 2013-2019. The Landsat 8 Product Identifiers are:LC08_L1TP_140041_20131010_20170429_01_T1LC08_L1TP_140041_20140927_20170419_01_T1LC08_L1TP_140041_20150930_20170403_01_T1LC08_L1TP_140041_20161018_20170319_01_T1LC08_L1TP_140041_20171021_20171106_01_T1LC08_L1TP_140041_20181024_20181031_01_T1LC08_L1TP_140041_20191112_20191115_01_T1**Draped over the High Mountain Asia 8-meter Digital Elevation Model (DEM) during the visualization.For the purposes of this data visualization the above Landsat data were processed and color-stretched. Bands 3-2-1 were used for Landsat 5 and 7 data. Bands 4-3-2 were used for Landsat 8 data. In addition, Landsat 7 and 8 data used pan-chromatic sharpening (Band 8). Landsat 5, Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 data courtesy of the U.S Geological Survey and NASA Landsat. Blue Marble: Next Generation was produced by Reto Stöckli, NASA Earth Observatory (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center). Citation: Reto Stöckli, Eric Vermote, Nazmi Saleous, Robert Simmon and David Herring. The Blue Marble Next Generation – A true color earth dataset including seasonal dynamics from MODIS, October 17, 2005.Global 30 Arc-Second Eleveation (GTOPO 30) from USGS. doi: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7DF6PQSShuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) 1 Arc-Second Global. doi: https://doi.org/10.5066/F7PR7TFTNepal city labels and locations were created using Natural Earth 1:10m Cultural Vectors (Populated places database) and OpenStreetMap data.The rest of this webpage offers additional versions and visual material associated with the development of this data-driven visualization. Related pages

South Atlantic Anomaly from 2015 through 2025 showing the geomagnetic intensity at the Earth's surface and the core-mantle boundary. There are versions that include the dates and colorbars and versions without the date and colorbat.This video is also available on our YouTube channel. Geomagnetic intensity color bar with colors range from purple to gray to orange labeled low to high instead of using nanoteslas Geomagnetic intensity color bar for the Earth's surface. Colors range from purple to gray to orange with a data range of 27300 to 82500 nanoteslas (nT) Geomagnetic intensity color bar for the core-mantle boundary. Colors range from purple to gray to orange with a data range of 0 to 1000000 nanoteslas (nT) Isoline bars that are mapped with the colorbar Date overlay sequence from 2015 to 2025 with frame numbers that correspond to the other layers. The bulk of Earth’s magnetic field originates deep within its core, at the boundary between the molten outer core and the solid mantle. The magnetic field extends past the surface into space and acts like a protective shield around the planet, repelling and trapping charged particles from the Sun. But over South America and the southern Atlantic ocean, an unusually weak spot in the field, called the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), allows these particles to dip much closer to the surface. Particle radiation in the SAA can knock out onboard computers and interfere with the data collection of satellites that pass through it. The SAA creates no visible impacts on daily life on the surface, and its weakening magnetic intensity is still within the bounds of what scientists consider normal variation. However, recent observations and forecasts show that the region is expanding westward and continuing to weaken in intensity. Observational data from 2015-2020 found that the SAA has recently started to split from a single valley, or region of minimum field strength, into two cells; and models out to the year 2025 show the split continuing in the future, creating additional challenges for satellite missions. NASA’s geomagnetic and geophysical research groups are using observations and models to monitor and predict future changes in the SAA and the rest of Earth’s geomagnetic field – helping prepare for future challenges to satellites and humans in space. Related pages

Beginning on the near side of the Moon, with the Apollo sites marked, the view quickly moves to the South Pole and zooms in to show the changing illumination conditions there for an entire year. Illumination at the South Pole of the Moon for the year 2024, showing an area within 2 degrees of the pole. Available with and without annotations. Perspective projection: camera position (0, 0, −3rmoon), view direction (0, 0, 1), vertical field of view 2.00021°. Closer view of the illuminaton at the South Pole of the Moon for the year 2024. This is cropped from the 4K frames of the previous animation group. Illumination at the South Pole of the Moon for the year 2024, showing an area within 10 degrees of the pole. Major named craters are labeled and outlined. Available with and without annotations. Perspective projection: camera position (0, 0, −3rmoon), view direction (0, 0, 1), vertical field of view 10.06308°. Illumination maps of the lunar South Pole. The shades of gray depict the amount of sunlight received during 2024. The floors of many of the craters receive no sunlight at all — they're permanently shadowed. Conversely, a small number of high spots on mountains and crater rims are in persistent sunshine. These were made by integrating (adding together) the frames of the above visualizations. The Apollo program landed six pairs of astronauts on the Moon between 1969 and 1972. All six landing sites are at low latitudes, near the equator. In this visualization, the Apollo sites are contrasted with the South Pole, an area with enormous potential for future exploration. Time passes as we zoom toward Shackleton crater at the South Pole, revealing illumination conditions quite different from those near the equator. While many craters remain in permanent shadow, some nearby mountains and ridges are in persistent sunshine, making them attractive candidates for solar power and long-term habitation.The remaining visualizations on this page show the illumination at the lunar South Pole throughout 2024, at several different scales. The year begins in the middle of South Pole summer, with the subsolar latitude near its greatest southern extent. As the year progresses, the shadows begin to deepen until mid-year and South Pole winter, when the subsolar latitude is at its northern extreme. The full range of the Sun's apparent motion in latitude is only about 3 degrees, versus 47 degrees on Earth, but this is enough to have a substantial effect on the amount of sunlight reaching the lunar poles. Related pages

The current systems formed around Mars as a result of a solar wind driven convective electric field(Note: These frame sets were converted to the sRGB color space on 6/16/2020)This video is also available on our YouTube channel. An average magnetic field around Mars has been calculated from MAVEN measurements. The sequence of these magnetic fields shown here illustrates that magnetic fields are forced to wrap around the plant by currents induced in Mars’ ionosphere. The calculated MAVEN magnetic field is not time-varying, but this sequence illustrates how solar wind magnetic fields are changed as they move past Mars. The direction of the solar wind emanating from the sun is represented by a yellow arrow.(Note: This frame set was converted to the sRGB color space on 6/16/2020)This video is also available on our YouTube channel. This animation shows the same sequence of magnetic fields as the previous animation, but all the fields (except one) are shown as semi-transparent to emphasize the fact that they all represent a single magnetic field configuration.(Note: This frame set was converted to the sRGB color space on 6/16/2020)This video is also available on our YouTube channel. An image of the sun-facing view of the Mars current system with transparency An image of a side-facing view of the Mars current system with transparency An image of a side-facing view of the Mars current system with the bow shock and IMB with transparency An image of the Mars current system from the dark side with transparency An image of the Mars current system from the dark side with the bow shock and IMB with transparency The bow shock (BS) and induce magnetosphere boundary (IMB) of Mars(Note: These frame sets were converted to the sRGB color space on 6/16/2020) The actual detailed electric currents measured by the MAVEN orbiter(Note: These frame sets were converted to the sRGB color space on 6/16/2020)This video is also available on our YouTube channel. Temporary - to be deleted Unlike the Earth, Mars lacks a global magnetic dipole. Because its upper atmosphere is ionized by solar X-rays and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiations, the ionosphere of Mars presents a highly conductive obstacle to the flow of the magnetized solar wind plasma. The resulting interaction induces electric currents in the ionosphere which, in turn, create sufficient magnetic pressure to slow and deflect the solar wind around the bulk of the ionosphere, forming an induced magnetosphere.NASA scientists used magnetic field measurements from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatiles EvolutioN (MAVEN) orbiter to make the first quantitative global map of the induced currents that shape the Martian induced magnetosphere. In doing so they found strong asymmetries between the north-south electric-polar hemispheres, particularly in the concentration of sunward currents, an electric connection between the planet's ionosphere and its bow shock, as well as a twist in the global near-Mars current system. Mapping the currents reveals how the solar wind's energy transfers into the induced magnetosphere where it powers escape of the Martian atmosphere.Here we show visualizations of the actual and the idealized current systems that are formed as a result of a solar wind driven convective electric field. In addition, a sequence of calculated magnetic fields measured by MAVEN shown here illustrates that magnetic fields are forced to wrap around the planet by currents induced in Mars’ ionosphere. Related pages

Tropospheric NO2 Column, Animated GIF Tropospheric NO2 Column, March 2015-2019 Average, Northeast USA, With Labels Tropospheric NO2 Column, March 2020, Northeast USA, With Labels Tropospheric NO2 Column, March 2015-2019 Average, Northeast USA, No Labels Tropospheric NO2 Column, March 2020, Northeast USA, No Labels Tropospheric NO2 Column Animation, With Total Mass Inset Colorbar, Quantitative Colorbar, Qualitative Animated Gif -tropospheric NO2 from March 15-April 15 time series in southeastern US. Tropospheric NO2 Column, March 15-April 15 2015-2019 Average, Southeast USA, With Cities Tropospheric NO2 Column, March 15-April 15 2020 Average, Southeast USA, With Cities Tropospheric NO2 Column, March 15-April 15 2015-2019 Average, Southeast USA, No Cities Tropospheric NO2 Column, March 15-April 15 2020 Average, Southeast USA, No Cities Tropospheric NO2 Column, March 15-April 15 2015-2019 Average, Southeast USA, No Labels Tropospheric NO2 Column, March 15-April 15 2020 Average, Southeast USA, No Labels Animated Gif -tropospheric NO2 from March 15-April 15 time series in the state of Florida Tropospheric NO2 Column, March 15-April 15 2015-2019 Average, Florida, With Cities Tropospheric NO2 Column, March 15-April 15 2020 Average, Florida, With Cities Tropospheric NO2 Column, March 15-April 15 2015-2019 Average, Florida, No Cities Tropospheric NO2 Column, March 15-April 15 2020 Average, Florida, No Cities Tropospheric NO2 Column, March 15-April 15 2015-2019 Average, Florida, No Labels Tropospheric NO2 Column, March 15-April 15 2020 Average, Florida, No Labels Colorbar, Range 0-5 x10^15 molecules/cm^2 Animated Gif of tropospheric NO2, March 25 -April 25 of Indian subcontinent.On March 24, 2020, Prime Minister Modi ordered a nationwide stay-at-home order for India’s 1.3 billion citizens in an attempt to slow the spread of COVID-19. Tropospheric NO2 Column, March 25-April 25 2017-2019 Average, Indian Subcontinent, With Labels Tropospheric NO2 Column, March 25-April 25 2020 Average, Indian Subcontinent, With Labels Tropospheric NO2 Column, March 25-April 25 2017-2019 Average, Indian Subcontinent, No Labels Tropospheric NO2 Column, March 25-April 25 2020 Average, Indian Subcontinent, No Labels Animated Gif - Tropospheric SO2 Column, March 25-April 25 time series of Indian Subcontinent. On March 24, 2020, Prime Minister Modi ordered a nationwide stay-at-home order for India’s 1.3 billion citizens in an attempt to slow the spread of COVID-19. Tropospheric SO2 Column, March 25-April 25 2017-2019 Average, Indian Subcontinent, With Labels Tropospheric SO2 Column, March 25-April 25 2020 Average, Indian Subcontinent, With Labels. On March 24, 2020, Prime Minister Modi ordered a nationwide stay-at-home order for India’s 1.3 billion citizens in an attempt to slow the spread of COVID-19. As a consequence, less fossil fuels are being consumed and, subsequently, there is less air pollution in India and in neighboring countries, including Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. Colorbar, Range 0-1 Dobson Units Animated Gif -tropospheric NO2 from March 25-April 25 time series in southwestern US. Tropospheric NO2 Column, March 25-April 25 2015-2019 Average, Southwest USA, With Labels Tropospheric NO2 Column, March 25-April 25 2020 Average, Southwest USA, With Labels Tropospheric NO2 Column, March 25-April 25 2015-2019 Average, Southwest USA, No Labels Tropospheric NO2 Column, March 25-April 25 2020 Average, Southwest USA, No Labels Colorbar, Range 0-12 x10^15 molecules/cm^2 Over the past several weeks, the United States has seen significant reductions in air pollution over its major metropolitan areas. Similar reductions in air pollution have been observed in other regions of the world. These recent improvements in air quality have come at a high cost, as communities grapple with widespread lockdowns and shelter-in-place orders as a result of the spread of COVID-19. One air pollutant, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), is primarily emitted from burning fossil fuels (diesel, gasoline, coal), coming out of our tailpipes when driving cars and smokestacks when generating electricity. Therefore, changes in NO2 levels can be used as an indicator of changes in human activity. However, care must be taken when processing and interpreting satellite NO2 data as the quantity observed by the satellite is not exactly the same as the NO2 abundance at ground level. NO2 levels are influenced by dynamical and chemical processes in the atmosphere. For instance, atmospheric NO2 levels can vary day-to-day due to changes in the weather, which influences both the lifetime of NO2 molecules as well as the dispersal of the molecules by the wind. It is also important to note that satellites that observe NO2 cannot see through clouds, so all data shown is for days with low amounts of cloudiness. If processed and interpreted carefully, NO2 levels observed from space serve as an effective proxy for NO2 levels at Earth's surface.NASA's air quality group is also monitoring other air pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide (SO2). Major anthropogenic activities that emit SO2 include electricity generation, oil and gas extraction, and metal smelting. SO2 is emitted during electricity generation if the coal burned has sulfur impurities that are not removed (or not “scrubbed”) from the plant’s exhaust stacks.For more information on what pollutants NASA satellites observe, visit the NASA Air Quality website. Related pages

Music: "Crest of a Wave," Lorenzo Castellarin, Universal Production MusicComplete transcript available. Spanish version of the video. It’s been five decades since Apollo 8 astronaut William Anders photographed Earth peaking over the Moon’s horizon. The iconic image, dubbed Earthrise, inspired a new appreciation of the fragility of our place in the universe. Two years later, Earth Day was born to honor our home planet. As the world prepares to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Earth Day, NASA reflects on how the continued growth of its fleet of Earth-observing satellites has sharpened our view of the planet’s climate, atmosphere, land, polar regions and oceans. Related pages

This 3D volumetric visualization shows a global view of the methane emission and transport between December 1, 2017 and November 30, 2018. This visualizaion of the rotating global view is designed to be played in a continuous loop.This video is also available on our YouTube channel. The global methane visualization alone in OpenExr format.(Note: This frame set was converted to the sRGB color space on 6/16/2020) A high resolution still of the global methane on January 26, 2018 with transparency. The colorbar with transparency The date sequence alone in OpenExr format.(Note: This frame set was converted to the sRGB color space on 6/16/2020) The background sequence alone in OpenExr format.(Note: This frame set was converted to the sRGB color space on 6/16/2020) The overlay with the colorbar and the exaggeration. THis version shows the volumetric global methane emission and transport between Dec 1 and Nov 30. It is designed to show methane emissions greater than 1800 parts per billion. Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas that traps heat 28 times more effectively than carbon dioxide over a 100-year timescale. Concentrations of methane have increased by more than 150% since industrial activities and intensive agriculture began. After carbon dioxide, methane is responsible for about 20% of climate change in the twentieth century. Methane is produced under conditions where little to no oxygen is available. About 30% of methane emissions are produced by wetlands, including ponds, lakes and rivers. Another 20% is produced by agriculture, due to a combination of livestock, waste management and rice cultivation. Activities related to oil, gas, and coal extraction release an additional 30%. The remainder of methane emissions come from minor sources such as wildfire, biomass burning, permafrost, termites, dams, and the ocean. Scientists around the world are working to better understand the budget of methane with the ultimate goals of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving prediction of environmental change. For additional information, see the Global Methane Budget.The NASA SVS visualization presented here shows the complex patterns of methane emissions produced around the globe and throughout the year from the different sources described above. The visualization was created using output from the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, GMAO, GEOS modeling system, developed and maintained by scientists at NASA. Wetland emissions were estimated by the LPJ-wsl dynamic global vegetation model, which simulates the temperature and moisture dependent methane emission processes using a variety of satellite data to determine what parts of the globe are covered by wetlands. Other methane emission sources come from inventories of human activity. The height of Earth’s atmosphere and topography have been vertically exaggerated and appear approximately 50-times higher than normal in order to show the complexity of the atmospheric flow while the bathymetry below sea level is exaggerated by 11.6-times. Outflow from different regions result from different sources. For example, high methane concentrations over South America are driven by wetland emissions while over Asia, emissions reflect a mix of agricultural and industrial activities. Emissions are transported through the atmosphere as weather systems move and mix methane around the globe. In the atmosphere, methane is eventually removed by reactive gases that convert it to carbon dioxide. Understanding the three-dimensional distribution of methane is important for NASA scientists planning observations that sample the atmosphere in very different ways. Satellites like GeoCarb, a planned geostationary mission to observe both carbon dioxide and methane, look down from space and will estimate the total number of methane molecules in a column of air. Aircraft, like those launched during NASA’s Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABOVE) sample the atmosphere along very specific flight lines, providing additional details about the processes controlling methane emissions at high latitudes. Atmospheric models help place these different types of measurements in context so that scientists can refine estimates of sources and sinks, understand the processes controlling them and reduce uncertainty in future projections of carbon-climate feedbacks. Related pages

Ocean currents from the ECCO-2 model: starting underwater, then pulling back to see the Gulf Stream, pulling back farther revealing the Earth observing fleetThis video is also available on our YouTube channel. The ocean currents are colored by depth from white (5 meters below the surface) down to dark blue (5906 meters below the surface). The color bar is non-linear; there are more levels near the surface than deeper. This visualization was created to be one of the final shots of a video celebrating the 50th anniversary of Earth Day. The camera starts under water off the coast of the Eastern United States showing layers of ocean currents from a computational model called ECCO-2. The camera slowly pulls back revealing the Gulf Stream, one of the most powerful ocean currents on Earth. The camera continues to pull back revealing NASA's Earth observing fleet. Related pages

Sea Surface Temperature - composited version with all layers includedThis video is also available on our YouTube channel. Sea Surface Temperature (SST) data layer with alpha Dates layer with alpha Background layer Sea Surface Temperature color bar: color range is blue - cyan -gray - yellow - red; value range is 0 to 32 degrees Celcius This visualization shows sea surface temperature (SST) data of the oceans from January 2016 through March 2020. The data set used is from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Multi-scale Ultra-high Resolution (MUR) Sea Surface Temperature Analysis. The ocean temperatures are displayed between 0 degrees celcius (C) and 32 degrees C.This visualization was created in part to support Earth Day 2020 media releases. Related pages

Global Biosphere data from 1997 through 2017 with corresponding colorbars and date stamp.This video is also available on our YouTube channel. Rotating globe showing the Earth's biosphere over a 20 year period. Date overlay. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) colorbar. More commonly known as Land Vegetation. Ocean Chlorophyll colorbar. By monitoring the color of reflected light via satellite, scientists can determine how successfully plant life is photosynthesizing. A measurement of photosynthesis is essentially a measurement of successful growth, and growth means successful use of ambient carbon. This data visualization represents twenty years' worth of data taken primarily by SeaStar/SeaWiFS, Aqua/MODIS, and Suomi NPP/VIIRS satellite sensors, showing the abundance of life both on land and in the sea. In the ocean, dark blue to violet represents warmer areas where there is little life due to lack of nutrients, and greens and reds represent cooler nutrient-rich areas. The nutrient-rich areas include coastal regions where cold water rises from the sea floor bringing nutrients along and areas at the mouths of rivers where the rivers have brought nutrients into the ocean from the land. On land, green represents areas of abundant plant life, such as forests and grasslands, while tan and white represent areas where plant life is sparse or non-existent, such as the deserts in Africa and the Middle East and snow-cover and ice at the poles. Related pages

IMERG Visualization, With LabelsThis video is also available on our YouTube channel. IMERG Visualization, No Labels This visualization shows the IMERG precipitation product for April, May, and June of 2014.This visualization was created in part to support Earth Day 2020 media releases. Related pages

GRACE Groundwater Storage, With LabelsThis video is also available on our YouTube channel. GRACE Groundwater Storage, No Labels This visualization shows groundwater storage as measured by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) between August 2005 and June 2014 (the date range for the visualization was chosen for convenience rather than scientific significance).This visualization was created in part to support Earth Day 2020 media releases. Related pages

GEOS-5 Modeled Cloud Cover, With LabelsThis video is also available on our YouTube channel. GEOS-5 Modeled Cloud Cover, No Labels This visualization shows cloud cover as modeled by the GEOS-5 atmospheric model, using observations as its input, over the course of three days. The time period repeats halfway through the animation.This visualization was created in part to support Earth Day 2020 media releases. Related pages

CERES Net TOA Radiation, WIth LabelsThis video is also available on our YouTube channel. CERES Net TOA Radiation, No Labels Colorbar This visualization shows top-of-atmosphere (TOA) net radiation for the Earth, as measured from space by the CERES instrument, for the period of August 2005 to July 2014 (this period was chosen for convenience rather than for scientific significance). The net radiation is the difference between absorbed solar radiation and outgoing longwave radiation.This visualization was created in part to support Earth Day 2020 media releases. Related pages

Path 75:02:00 − 80:01:50. The path of the Apollo 13 spacecraft near the Moon. The one-minute animation covers five hours of real time, at 10 seconds per frame. The view is centered on the lunar north pole, with the center of the near side facing the top of the frame. Versions both with and without the annotations in the bottom right are available, as are the separate components (Moon and path with alpha, starry background). Perilune 75:02:00 − 80:01:50. A nadir view of the Moon from the position of the Apollo 13 spacecraft. This covers the same time span as the Path animation and is available both with and without the annotations in the bottom right. LOS 77:04:00 − 77:09:00. The Earth appears to set behind the Moon, which is illuminated solely by earthshine (sunlight reflected from Earth). Loss of signal (LOS) occurs when the Moon blocks the Earth from the point of view of the spacecraft. Radio communication between the crew and Mission Control in Houston is cut off until the spacecraft emerges from behind the Moon about 25 minutes later. The separate elements (Earth and Moon, starfield) are also available. Sunrise 77:16:00 − 77:26:00. Apollo 13 emerges from the lunar night and begins to see sunlit terrain up close for the first time. Chaplygin 77:26:00 − 77:31:00. Looking south, the astronauts can see the craters Keeler, Chaplygin, Marconi, and near the horizon, Gagarin and Isaev. Tsiolkovskiy 77:31:00 − 77:36:00. To the south is the large Tsiolkovskiy crater, one of the few areas of dark mare basalt on the far side. The bright central peak creates a stark contrast. Earthrise 77:32:40 − 77:37:40. The Earth emerges above the lunar horizon, and the crew can once again communicate with Mission Control. The West Coast of North America is visible in daylight, while the Sun has set in Houston. Moscoviense 77:36:00 − 77:41:00. Mare Moscoviense (Sea of Moscow) lies to the north of the Apollo 13 trajectory. Crisium 77:39:00 − 77:44:00. Minutes after AOS (acquisition of signal), the astronauts point out several lunar features to each other that are visible in this animation, including Mare Smythii and Mare Crisium. AS13-60-8606. The eastern limb of the Moon not long after Apollo 13 experienced sunrise. AS13-62-8912. This photograph of Chaplygin crater (center-left) was taken through one of the Lunar Module windows using a camera intended for surface photography (note the plus-shaped Réseau markings). Blurry, dark, vertical stripes are out-of-focus scale marks on the LM window, used to judge angles and distances. The hatch on the Command Module is prominent in the foreground. AS13-60-8626. Tsiolkovskiy crater photographed with the 250mm telephoto lens. AS13-60-8648. Mare Moscoviense taken with the 250mm telephoto lens. AS13-61-8740. Mare Smythii is near the center of the image. To its right (north) are Neper crater (lighter in the center) and Mare Marginis (partly obscured by the spacecraft). Mare Crisium is on the horizon, with the splotchy Mare Undarum to its left (south). Using color and elevation maps from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission, these visualizations recreate with unprecedented fidelity what the crew of Apollo 13 could see as they flew around the far side of the Moon. Several Apollo 13 photographs are at the bottom of the page for comparison. These visualizations have been incorporated into the multimedia recreation of the entire Apollo 13 mission in real time at apolloinrealtime.org.Apollo 13 would have been the third lunar landing mission in the Apollo program. But 56 hours into the flight, an explosion in the Service Module changed the flight into a rescue mission. The crew was forced to use the Lunar Module as a lifeboat, and rather than landing on the Moon, they were limited to observing and photographing it from hundreds of kilometers above the surface.Recreating what they saw requires not only excellent maps but also knowledge of the spacecraft's flight path — all of the animations on this page are views from the position of the spacecraft at specific times during their flight behind the Moon, using the same focal lengths as the lenses on board.The trajectory used for these visualizations was derived from the position and speed at pericynthion (closest point to the Moon) listed in Table 4-III of the Apollo 13 Mission Report. The inclination and nodes were found using a second point on the path from Table 4-II — the center of the Moon and two points on the path are sufficient to define the orbit plane. The resulting orbital elements are:Perifocal Distance  1988.8 kmEccentricity  1.4462Inclination  173.7°Longitude of the Ascending Node  -150.74°Argument of Periapsis  28.7°Mean Anomaly at Epoch  0°Epoch  April 15, 1970 00:33:57 UTGravitational Parameter  4904.87 km3/s2See also a slightly different and more complete reconstruction by Daniel Adamo in the Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics (Adamo 2008).The time ranges shown in the captions refer to Ground Elapsed Time (GET), the number of hours and minutes since liftoff, which occurred on April 11, 1970 at 1:13 p.m. Houston time. The Path and Perilune animations cover five hours of flight in a single minute of running time, but the rest of the animations cover five or ten minutes of flight in one or two minutes, speeding up time by a factor of only 5. When played back at 6 fps, the animations run at real-time speed. PhotographsThese are a few of the hundreds of photographs taken by Apollo 13. Compare them to the visualizations. Every Apollo 13 photo can be found in the Apollo Image Atlas maintained by the Lunar and Planetary Institute. Related pages

Proxima b as a water planet with no land and no ocean circulation. Notice the large ocean on Proxima b's starside. Promixa b as a water planet with ocean circulation, but no land. Notice the oddly shaped exposed ocean all around the planet. If the Earth were in Proxima b's location and the same distance from Proxima b's star and the Pacific Ocean was starside, things might look something like this. If the Earth were in Proxima b's location and had its star and was also tidally locked with Africa on the starside, things might look something like this. Proxima Centauri b is the closest exoplanet to Earth. It is only four light years away. NASA scientists studying this exoplanet have applied Earth system science models to generate several different scenarios of what Proxima Centauri b may actually be like. Here are four of those scenarios. Related pages